Strings in C
In C, a string is a sequence of characters stored in a character array and terminated with a null character '\0'. Unlike other languages, C does not have a built-in string type.
Declaring and Initializing Strings
Declaration:
Strings are declared as character arrays:
char str[20]; // Declares a string with space for 20 charactersInitialization:
Strings can be initialized in multiple ways:
char str1[] = "Hello"; // Automatically adds '\0'
char str2[6] = "Hello"; // Explicitly specifying size
char str3[] = {'H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '\0'}; // Character arrayInput and Output of Strings
Using scanf and printf
scanf can be used for input, but it does not handle spaces. gets and fgets are used for multi-word input.
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
char name[50];
printf("Enter your name: ");
scanf("%s", name); // Reads a single word
printf("Hello, %s\n", name);
return 0;
}Using gets and fgets
To read a full sentence:
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
char sentence[100];
printf("Enter a sentence: ");
fgets(sentence, sizeof(sentence), stdin); // Reads a full line
printf("You entered: %s", sentence);
return 0;
}String Functions in C
The string.h library provides various functions to manipulate strings.
Common String Functions
strlen(str)- Returns the length of a stringstrcpy(dest, src)- Copies one string into anotherstrcat(dest, src)- Concatenates two stringsstrcmp(str1, str2)- Compares two strings
Example: String Functions
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main() {
char str1[20] = "Hello";
char str2[20] = "World";
char str3[40];
// String length
printf("Length of str1: %ld\n", strlen(str1));
// String copy
strcpy(str3, str1);
printf("Copied string: %s\n", str3);
// String concatenation
strcat(str1, str2);
printf("Concatenated string: %s\n", str1);
// String comparison
if (strcmp(str1, str2) == 0) {
printf("Strings are equal.\n");
} else {
printf("Strings are not equal.\n");
}
return 0;
}String and Pointers
Strings can also be handled using pointers:
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
char *str = "Hello, World!";
printf("%s\n", str);
return 0;
}Strings are an essential part of C programming, used for handling text data efficiently. Understanding string functions and manipulation techniques is crucial for effective programming.
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